FAT-WHYME

Battersea Power Station

History

Until late 1930, electricity was supplied by local companies. These were the energy companies which built power stations dedicated to a single industry or group of factories and excess electricity is sold to the public. These companies use very different voltage and frequency levels. In 1925, Parliament decided that the mains should be a system with uniform standards of public property. Several of the companies private power reacted to the proposal of forming the London Power Company. They planned to heed the recommendations of Parliament and build a small number large stations.

The first London Power Company of these super power was scheduled for Battersea area, on the south bank of the River Thames in London. The station proposal was made in 1927 to a station built in two stages, capable of generating 400 thousand kilowatts (kW) of electricity once completed. The site chosen for construction of the station was a plot of 15 acres of land that had been the site of the former reservoirs for Southwark and Vauxhall Water Company. The site was chosen by its proximity to the Thames River for cooling water and the supply of coal, and because it is in the heart of London, an area of the supply station immediately.

The proposal sparked protests from those who believe that the building would be too large and would be an eyesore as well as concerns about pollution the deterioration of local buildings, parks and even paintings in the nearby Tate Gallery. The company addressed the previous concerns by recruiting Sir Giles Gilbert Scott to design the exterior of the building. He was a noted architect and industrial designer, famous for its red cab design, the Liverpool Anglican Cathedral and other London power station, Bankside, which now houses the Tate Modern art gallery. The latter was resolved by granting permission for the station provided that their emissions should be treated, to ensure that were cleaner and contained less smoke.

The construction of the first phase, Station A, began in March 1929. The main work was carried out by John Mowlem & Co, and the erection of structural steelwork undertaken by Sir William Arrol & Co. Other contractors were hired for specialized tasks. Most appliances, including steam generators turbine turbo, was produced by Metropolitan Vickers. The construction of the steel structure began in October 1930. Once completed, the construction of brick veneer began in March 1931. Before the construction of the station B, the eastern wall of the boiler room dressed corrugated metal sheeting as a temporary enclosure. Station At first electricity in 1933 but not completed until 1935. The total cost of construction came to 2,141,550. Among the construction beginning in 1929, and 1933 there were 6 deaths and 121 non-fatal accidents at the site.

Some few months after World War II, construction began on the second phase, Station B. The station began operation gradually between 1953 and 1955. Was identical to that station A from the outside and was built directly east as a mirror to it, which gave the central design of four familiar fireplace. The construction of the station B brought the site's ability to generate up to 509 megawatts (MW), making it the third largest site of generation in the UK at the time, providing a fifth of London's electricity needs. It was also most efficient thermal plant in the world when it opened.

The A station was operated by the London Company of energy, but by the time the station B is completed, the electricity supply industry in the United Kingdom had been nationalized, and the ownership of two stations had passed at the hands of British Electricity Authority in 1948. In 1955, it became the Central Electricity Authority, which in turn became the Central Electricity Generating Board in 1957.

On April 20, 1964, the plant was the site of a fire that caused power outages across London, including the Center for the BBC, which should launch the BBC Two tonight. The launch was delayed until the next day at 11 hours.

The design and specifications

The two stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was led by Dr. Leonard S. Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Company energy but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, TP O'Sullivan and later was responsible for the Assembly Hall Filton. Theo J. Halliday was hired as architect, with Halliday and Agate Co. used as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for overseeing the development and implementation of outside and inside the building. Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott was involved in the project much later, asked to appease public reaction and concern in the press as "the architect abroad." The station was designed in the style of brick-Cathedral of plant design, which had been popular when stations were designed in 1930 and 1940. Battersea is one of a very small number of examples of this style of design of the power plant still exists in the UK, survival and the other is Uskmouth Bankside. Station design of its immediate popularity, and was described as a "temple of power" that ranked equal with the St. Paul's Cathedral as a landmark of London. In a 1939 survey of the architects of the magazine, was classified as a special group the construction of the most favorite celebrities second.

The interior of the station A was given many art deco-style accessories for Halliday architect. The control room gave Art Deco fixtures, Italian marble was used in the turbine hall, and polished parquet floors and wrought iron stairs was used throughout. Due to lack of money available after World War II War, inside the station B was not given the same treatment, and instead of the hardware has been manufactured stainless steel.

Each of the two connected stations consist of a boiler room over a fireplace at each end and an adjacent turbine hall. This makes that one main structure is steel frame with brick veneer. This is similar to the skyscrapers that were built in the United States at the same time. Station is the largest brick structure in Europe. crude measure of building size of 160 meters (520 feet) by 170 meters (560 feet), with the roof of the boiler room standing over 50 meters (160 feet). Each of the four chimneys are made of concrete and placed at a height of 103 meters (340 feet). The station had also berthing facilities for coal unloading, coal classification and storage area, control rooms and administration block.

The A station electricity generated by three turbo alternators, two with a rating of 69 megawatts (MW) and one with a rating of 105 MW. This gave the station with a capacity generation of 243 MW. At the time of its launch, the entire 105 MW of generation was the largest in Europe. Station B had a generating capacity of 260 MW, which brought to the site generating capacity of 503 MW.

Operations

Coal transport

Coal was brought usually at the station coal ships, and unloading by cranes, which are still intact in the river station

The station had an annual coal consumption of more than 1,000,000 tons. Most of this coal was delivered to the station coal ports in Wales and northeast of England for coal vessels. The berthing facilities of coal used two cranes load off, with the discharge capacity of two ships at once, at a rate 480 tons per hour. Coal was also delivered by rail to the east of the station on the Brighton Main Line passing nearby. Coal was delivered usually through the rubble, rather than rail. A conveyor system is used to carry coal to the coal storage area or directly to the boiler rooms of the station. The conveyor system consisted of a series of towers connected by bridges. The coal storage area was a large box concrete capable of holding 75,000 tons of coal. This had a porch above a conveyor belt connected to the conveyor belt system for carbon uptake of the coal store to the boiler rooms.

Water System

Water is essential for a thermal power plant, as water is heated to create steam to convert the steam turbines. Water cycle through the systems of Battersea Power Station was taken from the river Thames, whose banks had built. Station extract an average of 340 million gallons of water from the river every day. Once the water has been through the stations systems, water cooled and discharged into River.

The residual heat of water was also implemented in a district heating system. After the end of World War II, the London Power Company took the opportunity to introduce innovation in Battersea station. A district heating system (known now as "cogeneration") 10,000 people benefited. It provides central heating and hot water into the new territories processed in Pimlico, on the opposite side of river.

Debuggers

The reduction of sulfur emissions has been an important factor, since the station was in the design stages, as it was one of the main concerns of those who protested the construction of the station. The London Power Company began to develop an experimental technique for cleaning flue gas in 1925. And alkaline water is used aerosols on wood and steel scrubbers in the exhaust ducts. The gases were subjected to continuous washing, and the presence of oxide catalyst iron, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid became. Battersea Power Station was one of the first commercial applications of this technique in the world. This method Washing was stopped at the station B in late 1960, when it was discovered that the discharge of those products in the Thames, was more damaging to the river that gases into the atmosphere.

Close and reconstruction

Close

The fact that out of the station continued to grow, along with higher operating costs such as cleaning combustion gases, led to the disappearance of Battersea. On March 17, 1975, Station A was closed after be in operation for 40 years. At that time the station was the oil to the co-combustion and generation capacity had been reduced to 228 MW.

Three years after the closure of the station A, rumors began circulating that the station B would soon follow. A campaign was launched to try to save then the building as part of national heritage. As a result, the station was declared a World Heritage Site in 1980, when then-Secretary of State for Environment, Michael Heseltine, who won the Grade II listed building status on the list. (This was updated in the Grade II * listed in 2007.) October 31, 1983 The production of electricity to the Station B also ended after nearly 30 years of operation. By then, the capacity of the generating station B had fallen to 146 MW. Closing of the two stations was put down largely to generating equipment become obsolete, and because the preferred choice of fuel for electricity generation from coal to oil, gas and nuclear energy. Since the station stopped generating electricity, there have been numerous proposals and attempts to rebuild the site.

Theme park proposal

The roof of the station retired at the end of 1980

Following the closure of the station, the Central Electricity Generating Board had planned to demolish the station and sell the land for housing, but by the degree listed building status, which had to pay the high cost of maintenance the building. In 1983 there was a contest of ideas on the redevelopment of the site. That was won by a consortium including Alton Towers Ltd, which proposes an indoor theme park, about the industrial history of Great Britain. In an estimated cost of $ 35 million, the plan was risky and require more than 2 million visitors a year profit. The scheme received planning approval in May 1986 and the site was purchased by John Broome and 1.5 million in 1987. Work on the conversion the site began the same year.

The project was discontinued in March 1989 due to lack of funding, after the costs had increased rapidly in January, from 35 million to 230 million. At this point large sections of the roof had been removed, so the machines could be taken out. Homelessness, the work of steel frame building has been left exposed and the foundations have been prone to flooding.

In March 1990, the proposal was amended a mix of offices, shops and a hotel. This proposal was granted planning permission in August 1990, despite the opposition of 14 organizations, including Heritage English. While granting permission, no further work was carried out at the site between 1990 and 1993.

Parkview proposal

In 1993, site and its outstanding debt of 70 million were bought from the Bank of America in Hong Kong development company, Parkview International, for $ 10 million. After resolution claims of creditors, which acquired the freehold title in May 1996. In November 1996 plans for the redevelopment of the site were submitted and consent outline was received in May 1997. development consent for most of the site was granted in August 2000 and the remainder in May 2001. The company received full possession of the site in 2003. After buying the site, Parkview began work on a 1.1 billion project to restore and rehabilitate the building the site in a box at retail and leisure.

Parkview plan project, simply called "The Power Station", was designed by architect Nicholas Grimshaw. The scheme proposed a mall with 40 to 50 restaurants, cafes and bars, 180 shops and night clubs, comedy venues and a cinema. Cosmopolitan stores have been placed in the hall A turbine station, shops and tag name in the turbine hall of the station "B". The boiler would been glazed and is used as a public space for installations and exhibitions. A coastal walk would also be created, in continuous operation along the shore River Vauxhall to Battersea Park.

Parkview said 3,000 jobs will be created during construction of the project, and 9,000 would be used once completed, with an emphasis on local recruitment. The Battersea Power Station Community Group campaign against Parkview plan and called for an alternative scheme based in the community to be developed. The group described the plans as "a very attractive project that has no affordable housing anywhere in the 38 acres (150,000 m2) site no decent work for the local population and there is no credible public transport strategy. "He also criticized the project was properly in place, and the proposal of other large buildings on the site. Keith Garner's group said: "I feel there is a real problem of adequacy. They need a completely different kind system, not the airport-treatment room. What you see now is a magnificent building from the river ahead. If surrounded by buildings of 15 stories high, you do not have a point of reference. "

Parkview In 2005, English Heritage and the London Borough of Wandsworth said that the reinforcement inside the chimney was corroded and irreparable. Wandsworth Council gave permission to be demolished and rebuilt. However, the twentieth century society, the World Monuments Fund and the Battersea Power Station Company Ltd commissioned an alternative engineers "who claims that the existing chimneys can be repaired. In response, Parkview said that proof of commitment legally binding on the council to increase the certainty that the chimneys are replaced "like for like" in accordance with the requirements of English Heritage and planning authorities.

REO proposal

The central station seen from the South East

On November 30, 2006, was announced the Real Estate Opportunities, headed by Irishman Richard Barrett and Johnny Ronan business holdings of Treasury bought Battersea Power Station and its surroundings land for 532 million dollars (400 million). REO announced that Parkview previous plan had been dropped and that he had appointed to the practice of Uruguayan architect Rafael Violy home in New York as the new master planner for the site. Engineers: Roger Preston & Partners and Buro Happold were kept in the computer design.

4000000000 announced their plans in 2008. These include the reuse of part of building the station as a power plant fueled by biomass and waste. existing chimneys station used for venting steam. The former turbine room become commercial space, and the boiler house homeless used as a park. A museum is also energy inside the station building above. The restoration of the plant construction cost 150 million.

A plastic built "eco-dome" is also to be built east of the plant. It was originally planned for have a great 300 meters (980 feet) from the chimney, but this has been abandoned in favor of a series of small towers. The eco-dome that will house offices, and aims to reduce energy consumption in buildings by 67% compared to conventional office buildings by using towers to draw cool air through the building. 3,200 new homes will also be built on the site to accommodate 7,000 people.

An essential part of regeneration is an extension of the London Underground service area. The proposed extension branch of the Northern Line to Kennington and traveling west at Nine Elms and Battersea. The proposed extension would cost 350 million and would be financed by REO and other major landowners in the area of Nine Elms, making it the first extension of private finance in London Underground.

In June 2008 a consultation process was launched, which revealed that 66% of the general population were in favor of the plans. At an event at the station on March 23, 2009, it was announced that REO were to file their proposed construction of Wandsworth Council. REO hope construction will begin in 2011 with the completion of the project by 2020.

Cultural Impact

Battersea Power Station, seen from a tourist boat on the Thames

Battersea Power Station has been presented in many forms of media and culture: you can see the album covers of various rock and pop groups, in a series of videos music, and has appeared in many films and television programs in its history of more than 70 years.

Music

Album Artwork

The Battersea Power Station Community Group, one of the main reasons for the worldwide recognition of the plant is that after it appeared in the 1977 cover of Pink Floyd album, Animals, where he was photographed with the group of inflatable pink pig floating above it. The photographs were taken in early December 1976 and the inflatable pig was made by the Zeppelin Airship company. The inflatable pig was tethered to a power station chimney in the south, but let their moorings and, to the surprise of the pilots to approach the aircraft, increased in the flight path of Heathrow Airport. Police helicopters took its course, until he landed in Kent. Video footage of the shoot was used in the promotional video for Pigs on the Wing. The album was officially launched at a ceremony at the plant.

Pink Floyd The image has been parodied and paid tribute to, for example:

The cover of 1991 album The Orb's adventures beyond Ultraworld.

The back cover of 2001 Les Claypool Frog Brigade Album, September 2 Live frogs, which is a total cover of Pink Floyd animals.

The station can also be seen in other parts of the album artwork, including:

Manual art of The Who, 1973 album, Quadrophenia.

The photograph on the sleeve of the album Hawkwind in 1977, Quark, strangeness and charm, is the control room of the station "B".

The cover of Jan Hammer, 1988 12 "single of" The Runner (Marathon mix). "

The back cover of 1990 album by Morrissey Bona Drag.

The background art for the cover of the Petula Clark 2001 in Box, Meet at Battersea Park.

The cover of 2005 album London Elektricity, Power Ballads. Silhouettes coal crane used station on the cover of Rock pendant group unique.

A photograph in the case in the year 2009 album Muse, The Resistance.

Music Videos

The plant has often been used as a filming location or on the back drop of music artists videos 'Promotion. These applications include:

Pictures of the photo shoot cover of Pink Floyd animals used in a video for her song 1977 "Pigs on the wing." During the song "Money" on their 2005 Live 8 performance, the plant is shown briefly when the camera panned to out off the stage.

Vaccine Jam promotional video for their 1978 single "News Of The World" on the roof of the plant. Photos from the set with Station also appear on the sleeve of "Snap!" compilation album.

Tori Amos filmed the video for her 1996 single "Talula" inside the station.

A scene from Bill Wyman promotional video for his single of 1981, "Je Suis no Rock Star", shows the station in the background.

The station appears in the music video of 1997 by the American pop band Hanson, for his song "Where is the Love."

To rent by Bruce Dickinson in 1999 to be a shooting location for the video of "Man of Sorrows."

The band Biffy Clyro music video shot in 2010, his single, "Many of Horror" in the station.

TV and Film

The station was used in the opening scene of Alfred Hitchcock Movie 1936, bombing.

In the history of the series, has appeared on numerous occasions in the British science fiction series Doctor Who. Appeared briefly in the episode The Dalek Invasion of Earth in 1964, which saw the station in the 22 century, with two chimneys demolished, and a dome near the nuclear reactor. Appeared again in 2006 Doctor Who episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel" as the basis for that Londoners are attracted to become in Cybermen.

Appeared briefly in the Beatles film Help 1965!, With a title that identifies it as "a famous power station."

The station is seen in science fiction film of 1967 Projected Man.

A station control room was used as headquarters "Find the Fish" segment of the 1983 movie Monty Python The Meaning of Life.

Was used as the external facade of the Victoria Mansion in Michael Radford's film adaptation of the novel 1984 by George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Scenes from the 1987 Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket were shot inside the power plant.

A stylized image of the station appears in the title sequence of Agatha Christie's Poirot, which began airing in 1989.

The power station was the scene of a changing climate of the machine in the children's series of science-fiction "The Tomorrow People" in 1994 in the episode "Monsoon Man."

The station was in a military camp in Eastern Europe in the 1994 TV movie MacGyver, The Lost Treasure of Atlantis.

In the film adaptation of Ian McKellen's 1995 Richard III of Shakespeare, the plant is in ruins of Bosworth Field in the final battle scene of Richard.

In the "Knightsbridge" episode of the television series Neverwhere Neil Gaiman 1996, the station appears to be the reference point on the ground to the London market down 'float.

A computer generated version of the plant appeared briefly in the background a 2006 episode of the television series Lost, entitled "Fire and Water", wearing an identifying sign that says "Widmore Construction." This was first introduced to one of the main antagonists show, Charles Widmore.

In 2006 Alfonso Cuarn the film, Children of Men, the station appears converted into the "Ark Art" in 2027. The building contains art treasures rescued from the nations whose governments have collapsed and preserved for a "posterity." Contains a broken and rebuilt David by Michelangelo, and Picasso's Guernica. An inflatable pig is tethered to the outside of the building, a reference to the album Animals.

In May 2007, Battersea Power Station played a central role in episode 5 Series 4 of the BBC TV series New Tricks.

In October 2007, the plant is used as a filming location for the film Batman, The Dark Knight. The stripping station, interior vacuum was used as a warehouse scenario burned.

Since December 2007, the central interior was used in the movie The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.

Other uses of culture

The "Advanced Power Plant" structure in the PC game Command & Conquer 1996: Red Alert is very similar to the plant.

The station appears in the video game 1999, Grand Theft Auto: London.

A brown version of the plant can be seen in the 2001 video game Ace Combat 04: Heaven broken, in the mission "Fleet Invincible. "

In recent years the building has hosted concerts and performances by Cirque du Soleil. In 2000, the company said plans to convert the building into a permanent one "urban circus."

In 2004, photographer Vera Lutter use the station in various parts of his work. She photographs created by turning shipping containers into a giant pinhole camera and put them in front of the building for several days.

Between October 8 and November 5, 2006, the Serpentine Gallery was installed in the central exhibition China Power Station: Part I. It shows the work of "a new extraordinary and vibrant generation of Chinese artists and architects. "

At 23 and 24 October 2008, the station was used for the freezing case Channel 4. The event included a snow jump and musical performances.

The 2009 video game Colin McRae: Dirt 2 allows players to race through central disused power.

The 2009 BBC Radio 4 radio play, The Mouse House has a story focusing on Battersea Power Station.

On August 22 2009, the station was used to host the final of the Red Bull X-Fighters 2009 season.

See also

Energy use and conservation UK

The UK energy policy

References

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