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Smart Grid

A smart grid supplies electricity suppliers to consumers in two ways digital technology to control appliances in homes consumers save energy, reduce costs and increase reliability and transparency. This modernized electricity grid is being promoted by many governments as a way to tackle energy independence, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters can be part of a network intelligent, but they alone do not constitute an intelligent network.

An intelligent network includes an intelligent control system that keeps track of all electricity flowing into the system. It also incorporates the use of superconducting transmission lines less power loss and the ability to integrate sources alternative energy such as solar and wind. When energy is less expensive an intelligent network can become the selected household appliances such as washing machines or factory processes can run on arbitrary times. At peak times you can turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.

Similar proposals include electric smart grid, smart grid, intelligent network (or IntelliGrid) FutureGrid, and the more modern and intragrid interconnected.

Objectives

In principle, the intelligent network is a simple upgrade of 20 century power networks usually "emission" power generators central power within a large number of users, instead of being able to direct more energy to respond optimally to a wide range of conditions, and charge a premium to the energy use during peak hours.

Answer many of the conditions of supply and demand

The conditions under which a network intelligent, broadly stated, could respond, occur in any part of the power generation, distribution and demand chain. Events generally occur in the environment (clouds blocking the sun and reducing the amount of solar energy, a very hot day), trade in the market supply food (prices to meet high peak demand), locally in the distribution network (MV transformer failure requiring temporary closure of a distribution line) or at home (someone who leaves for work, putting more devices in sleep mode, letting data flow IPTV), which trigger a change in the flow of energy.

Latency data stream is a major concern, with some smart meters early architectures that allows made up to 24 hours of delay in receiving data, avoiding any possible reaction by either the supply or demand devices.

megabits Supply, control the power of kilobits, sell the rest

The amount of data needed for monitoring and switching off their machines without their consent is very small compared to that and even reach remote households to support voice, security, Internet and television services. Many improvements in the intelligent network bandwidth are paid for the excess supply also support consumer services, and communications grant related services or subsidizing energy of energy-related services, such as increased rates during peak hours, with communications. This is particularly true when governments run both packages of services as a public monopoly, for example, in India. Because the electrical and communications companies generally separate business enterprises in North America and Europe, which has required the government and major supplier effort to encourage other companies to cooperate. Some, like Cisco, see opportunity in providing devices for consumers similar to those that have long been providing the industry. Others, like Silver Spring Networks or Google, are data integrators rather than equipment suppliers. Although the standards of AC power control suggest networking powerline would be the main media between intelligent networks and home devices, the bits can not get home by BPL at first, but by fixed wireless. This may be a temporary solution however, as an independent power and data connections, simply losing total control.

Scale and scope

Europe SuperSmart Grid, as well as previous proposals (such as Al Gore continental unified network intelligence) semantic distinction between local and national networks that sometimes conflict. Documents Battaglini et al. associate the term "smart grid" with local groups (page 6), while the backbone of the intelligent provides an additional layer of coordination over the local intelligent networks. use of media in Europe and the U.S. However, it tends to national conflicts and local.

Regardless of the terminology used, the intelligent network projects always intended to allow the mainland and networks domestic interconnection trunks to fail without causing local intelligent network to fail. Would have to be able to function independently and any power ration which is available for critical needs.

municipal network

Before the recent standards efforts, municipal governments, for example, Miami, Florida, have historically taken the lead in the implementation of integration standards for intelligent networks / meters. Such as municipalities or local monopolies electricity also often have some fiber-optic backbone and exchange traffic control in which communications service providers are, are often well placed to force good integration.

Municipalities also have the primary responsibility for emergency response capacity recovery, and would in most cases the legal mandate of the ration supply or supply, for example to ensure that hospitals and response fire and shelter take priority and receive all the power is still available in a general court.

Home Area Network

Home Area Network, or "home network", extends to some of these capabilities in the use of powerline home networking and / or RF using standards such as Zigbee, Insteon, Zwave, or others.

Because the rules of communication in smart grids and bandwidth of some Home Area Networks of support as needed for power control, so it can cost more than necessary. Existing home 802.11 networks generally have megabytes of additional bandwidth for other services (theft, Fire, medical and environmental sensors and alarms, ULC and CCTV surveillance, access control and handling systems, intercoms and telephone services, insurance) and therefore can not be separated from LAN and VoIP networks, television and once the rules have emerged from IPTV.

consumer electronics devices now consume more than half the power in a typical U.S. home. Consequently, the ability to shutdown or hibernate when devices are not receiving the data could be an important factor in reducing energy consumption, but this would mean the utility has information on whether you are using your computer or not, and if, for example, simply have a screen saver with images of family while you do homework or housework, the electric company may in its discretion decide the computer is not being used and off for you.

Other key devices that could help in the efforts of public services to shed load during peak hours are air conditioners, electric water heaters, pool pumps and other high power devices. In 2009, smart grid companies may represent one of the most largest and fastest growing "clean technology" market. It consistently receives more than half of the venture capital investment.

In 2009, President Barack Obama called on Congress "to act without delay" to pass legislation that includes doubling the production of alternative energy in the next three years and building a new electricity "smart grid." On April 13, 2009, George W. Arnold was named the first National Coordinator for Interoperabilidad Smart Grid. In June 2009, NIST announced a proposed intelligent network interoperability by IEEE P2030.

Europe and Australia are also following similar views. In parts of the world, the integration of communications and control power, which in general have come under more government oversight is more advanced with public services is often required or asked to provide competitive access to the exchange of communications traffic and distribution of energy cogeneration connection points.

August 20 2009, the House Presedencial in Costa Rica presented a bill to the Legislative Assembly of the country, which would open the energy market, which currently is in charge a government monopoly, and require all new private electricity generators to use intelligent network technology.

Researchers and regulators power of intellectual property support, more data links

Bill St. Arnaud of CANARIE (Spine Research Institute of Canada) often argued for greater integration of energy and telecommunications policy, proposing that consumers own their own central data explicitly and should have a choice of providers of communications services and energy management, with a potentially reach every power outlet at home. In the U.S., FCC Chairman Michael Powell expressed support for the principle of unified power management and other data services and provide basic levels both for all consumers, rather than allow the administration of energy that exists in its own separate "silos" or limited to meters is not based IP or devices.

The IEEE P2030 project is to define the interoperability between various types of energy networks, partly to avoid the appearance of too many incompatible silos that cause global network to be less resistant.

What is an intelligent network

The function of a power grid is not single entity, but an aggregation of multiple networks and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators use the various levels of communication and coordination, most of which is controlled manually. Smart networks to enhance connectivity, automation and coordination among these providers, consumers and networks that carry long-distance transmission and local distribution tasks.

Electricity transmission networks are moving in large numbers in medium to long distances, are actively managed, and usually operate 345kV to 800 kV ac and dc lines.

Local networks traditional power moved in one direction, "distribute" the power to bulk consumers and companies that operate through 132 kV lines and lower.

This paradigm is changing as businesses and households begin to generate more electricity from wind and solar power, allowing them to sell energy back excess profits. Modernization is needed for energy efficiency, real-time management of power flows and to provide measurement bi-directional necessary to compensate the local power producers. Although broadcast networks are already monitored in real time, many in the U.S. and European countries are obsolete by world standards, and unable to handle modern challenges like those posed by the intermittent nature of alternative electricity generation, or continental scale energy bulk transmission.

Modernizing the transmission and distribution

A smart grid is a general term covers the modernization of the transmission and distribution networks. The modernization is aimed at a disparate set of objectives including facilitating greater competition between suppliers, allowing greater use of variable energy sources, provides the automation and control capabilities needed for transmission in bulk distances between continents, and allowing the use of market forces to promote energy conservation.

Many intelligent network has obvious to consumers, such as smart meters serve the purpose of energy efficiency. The approach is to enable energy suppliers to charge variable rates electric charges to reflect the wide differences in the cost of generating electricity during peak hours or off-peak hours. These capabilities allow the control load control device passes major consumer of energy as hot water heaters that use electricity when it is cheaper to produce.

Pico reduction / leveling and time of use pricing

In order to reduce demand during periods of high cost peak usage, communications and measurement technologies to inform smart devices in the home and business in energy demand is high and keep track of the electricity used and when used. Motivated to reduce the use and conduct what is called the peak or maximum restriction leveling, electricity prices increase during periods of high demand, and declining in periods of low demand. It is believed that consumers and businesses tend to consume less during periods of high demand, if possible for consumers and consumer devices to be aware of the high price premium for electricity use during peak hours, this could mean that cooking dinner at 9 pm instead of 17:00. When businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit of not having to pay twice for the same energy used to be energy efficient, the theory is that it includes the cost of the operation power consumption in devices and building construction decisions. See when measured the day and demand response.

According to proponents of intelligent network plans, [who?] This will reduce the amount of spinning reserve that utilities have to maintain in stand-by, as the load curve of the same level through a combination of "invisible hand" free-market capitalism and central control of a large number of devices for energy management services that consumers pay a portion of the power peak saved by turning their devices.

Essential for renewable energy

Supporters of renewable energy for intelligent networks, because most renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature, based on natural phenomena (the sun and wind) to generate energy. Therefore, any energy infrastructure with a significant portion of intermittent renewable energy resources should be provided with means of reducing actual electricity demand for the "load shedding" in the event of natural phenomena needed to generate energy is not produced. By increased electricity prices exactly when the unwanted phenomena are present, consumers, in theory, reduce consumption. However, this means that prices are unpredictable and literally change with time, at least in income distribution.

Advanced Services Platform

As with other industries, the use of robust two-way communications, advanced sensors, and distributed computing technology to improve efficiency, reliability and security of energy supply and use. It also opens the possibility of entirely new services or improve existing ones, such as fire and alarm monitoring that can turn off the machine, making phone calls to emergency services, etc.

U.S. savings and the United Kingdom estimates and assumptions behind of them

One of the U.S. Energy Department study estimated that the modernization of U.S. domestic networks intelligent network capabilities would save between 46 and 117 000 000 000 dollars over the next 20 years. In addition to these benefits of industrial modernization, the intelligent network features energy efficiency could extend beyond the home network by coordinating low priority household devices such as hot water for your energy use takes advantage of the most desirable energy sources. Smart grids can also coordinate the production of energy from a large number of small power producers and owners of rooftop solar panels to an agreement that would otherwise be problematic for power system operators in business services local public.

The vision over the last two assumptions. First, to act in response to market signals and has to be some telecommunications network. In the UK, where consumers have for almost 10 years had a choice in the business of buying electricity, over 80% have been with your current provider, despite significant differences in the prices offered by an electricity supplier since. End users may be less sensitive to price signals from intelligent networks advocates think. Second, in the case of intelligent network Telecomms aspect, it ignores the possibility of the autonomy of a particular device. Several companies (eg RLTec) have developed low-cost systems that allow reaction products to fluctuations in the network (usually the frequency). This type of control is called "dynamic demand management." A feature that be, DDM is inexpensive, does not require network Telecomms and is available now. Of course, these are not the points that proponents of a "power Telecomms network" may wish to hear or even see reproduced.

Although not specific and proven intelligent networking technologies in use, is an intelligent network total time for a set of technologies in which specification is usually an agreement instead of a name to a specific technology. Some of the benefits of a modernized electricity grid include the ability to reduce energy consumption in the consumer side during peak hours, call management on the demand side, which allows connection to the generation distributed energy (with photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines, micro hydro, or even combine thermal power generators in buildings) incorporating energy storage network for load balancing and distributed generation or elimination of failures such as power grid failures widespread cascade. Increased efficiency and reliability of the intelligent network is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO2 emissions.

History

alternating current mains today evolved from 1896, based partly on the design of Nikola Tesla published in 1888 (see War of Currents). Many application decisions that are still in use today were first made with the limited time available emerging technology 120 years ago. Specific assumptions obsolete grid and the characteristics (such as centralized way transmission of electricity, electricity distribution and control demand) represents a vision of what was thought possible in the 19 th century.

Part of this is due to institutional risk aversion utilities, naturally feel regarding the use of unproven technologies in one of the critical infrastructure that are responsible for defending against any failure, however momentary. [Citation needed]

In the past 50 years, electricity grids have not kept pace with today's challenges, such as:

Security threats, both suppliers of energy or cyber attack

national targets for using alternative sources of energy generation as intermittent source makes maintenance significantly more stable energy complex

conservation objectives which seek to reduce peak demand surges during the day so that less energy is lost in order to ensure sufficient reserves

a high demand for electricity supply des-interruptible

digitally controlled devices that can alter the nature of electrical charge (giving the company the ability to turn off electrical appliances at home if considered necessary) and the result of the demand for electricity that is incompatible with a system of power that was built to serve a nalog economy. For a simple example, synchronized Christmas lights can present important increases in demand, since we almost at the same time (sunset to an hour). [Citation needed] Without the kind of coordination an intelligent network can provide, the greater use of such devices lead to problems of reliability of electric service, the power quality disturbances, power outages and brownouts.

Despite these points tend to be the "conventional wisdom" about intelligent networks, their relative importance is debatable. For example, despite the weaknesses of the power grid that is public broadcasting, there has never been an attack on a power network in the United States or Europe. [Citation needed] However, in April 2009 it was known that spies had infiltrated the networks of power, perhaps as a means to attack the network at a later time. [Citation needed] In the case of renewable energy and its variability, recent work conducted in Europe (Dr. Bart Ummels et al.) [Full citation needed] suggests that a power grid since it can take up to 30% renewable energy (wind and solar), without modification.

The term Intelligent Network has been in use since at least 2005, when the article "Toward a smart grid," written by S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg appeared in the September / October edition of IEEE P & E Magazine (Vol. 3, No. 3, pages 34-41). The term had been used previously and can be dated back in 1998. There are many great intelligent network definitions, some functional, technological, and some targeted benefits. A common element in most definitions is the application of digital processing and communications to mains, so the flow of data and information management for the intelligent network core. result of various capacities of deeply integrated use of technology Digital power networks, and integration of information flows new network of public services in the processes and systems is one of the key design issues of smart grids. Power plants are now making three types of transformations: improving the infrastructure, called the strong network in China, as well as digital layer, which is the essence of the intelligent network, and the transformation of business processes needed to capitalize on smart technology investments. Much of the work modernization has been happening on the grid modernization, especially of the substation and distribution automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid, but with additional capabilities are also evolving.

Smart grid technologies have emerged from previous attempts in the use of electronic monitoring, measurement and monitoring. In the 1980's, automatic meter reading is used to monitor the charges for large customers, and became advanced metering infrastructure in the early 1990, which meters would store how electricity is used at different times of day. Smart meters add continuous communication, so that monitoring can be done in real time, and may be used as a gateway to demand response devices conscious and "smart jacks" at home. Early forms of these technologies demand management were dynamic demand into account device who passively felt the burden on the network of monitoring changes in the supply frequency. Devices such as industrial and residential air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters to adjust its duty cycle to avoid activation during the time of the network was experiencing a peak condition. Since 2000, Italy Project was Telegestore the first network numbers of large (27 million) of households using such smart meters connected through communication lines short and wide power band. Recent projects on the use of broadband over powerline (BPL) communications or wireless technologies such as mesh networks that is advocated as providing more reliable connections to disparate devices in the home as well as support for the measurement of other utilities such as gas and water [citation needed].

Monitoring and synchronization of wide-area networks are revolutionizing the decade of 1990 when the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its research prototype smart sensor networks that are capable of very rapid analysis of the deficiencies in the quality of electricity in large geographical areas. The culmination of this study was the first operation of wide area measurement system (WAMS) in 2000. Other countries quickly integrating this technology in China has a WAMS comprehensive national system when its current 5-year economic plan has been completed in 2012.

First of all cities with intelligent networks

In the above example, and greater, of an intelligent network is the Italian system installed by Enel SpA of Italy. Completed in 2005, the project was very unusual Telegestore in the world of utilities, as the company has designed and manufactured their own meters, acted as their own systems integrator, and developed their own system software. The Telegestore project is widely considered the first commercial scale use of smart grid technology for the home, and allows an annual saving of 500 million euros a project cost of € 2100000000 ..

In the U.S., the city of Austin, Texas, has been working in the construction of intelligent network since 2003, when the first utility replaces 1 / 3 yards from his hand with smart meters that communicate through a wireless mesh network. It currently manages 200,000 real-time devices (smart meters, smart thermostats and sensors throughout its service area), and expected to support 500 thousand devices in time service in 2009 real 1 million consumers and 43,000 businesses. Boulder, Colorado completed the first phase of its intelligent network in August 2008. Both systems use smart meter as a gateway to the automation of the home network (HAN) that controls smart plugs and devices. Some designers have pro- decoupling control functions of the meter, the concern of future mismatches with the new standards and technologies in the fast moving segment business of home electronics devices.

Hydro One, Ontario, Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative, the deployment of communications infrastructure compatible with the standards of Trilliant. In late 2010, the system will serve 1.3 million customers in the province of Ontario. The initiative had the best "AMR Initiative in North America" award from Network Planning Tool.

Defining the problem

The major forces driving to upgrade existing power grids can be divided into four general categories.

The increased reliability, efficiency and the electrical network security.

Allowing for decentralized power generation for homes can be a customer and energy supplier (providing consumers an interactive tool to manage energy use).

The flexibility of energy consumption on the client side vendor selection to allow (enable distributed generation, solar, wind, biomass).

GDP growth on the creation of newer, energy work green collar manufacturing related to renewable energy industry, plug-in electric vehicles, solar panel and wind turbine generation, building energy conservation.

Intelligent network functions

Before examining specific technologies, a proposal can be understood in terms of what is required to do. Governments and utilities funding for the development of network modernization has defined the necessary functions for intelligent networks. According to the U.S. Department of Energy report Modern Grid Initiative, a modern intelligent network must:

Being able to heal themselves same

Encouraging consumers to actively participate in network operations

Resist attack

Provide a higher quality energy you will save money lost to cuts

Accommodating all generation and storage options

Enable electricity markets to flourish

Run more efficiently

Enable greater penetration of intermittent sources of power generation

Self-healing

Using real-time information integrated sensors and automated controls to anticipate, detect, and respond to system problems, an intelligent network automatically can prevent or mitigate outages, power quality problems and service interruptions. [Citation needed]

As applied to distribution networks, there is no such thing as a "self-healing" network. If there is a failure of a power line, as these tend to operate in a radial basis (for the most part) is not an inevitable loss of power. In the case of urban networks in the city / that mostly feed on underground cables, networks can be designed (Through the use of interconnection topologies) such that the failure of a part of the network will not result in the loss of supply to end users. A good example an interconnected network with the protection zone is that of the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board (MANWEB).

It is expected that the intelligent network will probably a control system that analyzes its performance using distributed autonomous reinforcement learning controllers have learned successful strategies to govern the network behavior in the face of a changing environment, such as equipment failure. Such a system could be used to control electronic switches which are linked to multiple substations with the variable costs of generation and reliability.Cite error: Closing lack of cloud .. Among the findings:

83% of those who still can not choose their utility provider would appreciate the option

Approximately two thirds of customers who still have no renewable energy options like the choice

Almost two-thirds are involved in the operation of his own generation, if they can sell power back to utility

And as noted, the United Kingdom, where the experience has been of longer duration, 80% have no interest in change (source: National Grid).

The real-time two-way communications available in a smart grid will enable consumers to be compensated for their efforts to save power and sell power to the network through network measurement. By enabling distributed generation resources and residential solar panels, small wind and plug-in hybrid, intelligent network will cause a revolution in the energy industry by allowing small players such as individual homes and small businesses to sell power to its neighbors or back to the network. The same will be true for large commercial enterprises that have renewable energy systems or backup that can provide power at a price in the event of peak demand, usually in the summer when air conditioners place a strain on the network. This participation of smaller institutions has been called the "democratization of energy" [citation needed] t is similar to the former vice president Al Gore's vision for a unified network intelligent.

Resist attack

smart grid technologies better identify and respond to disturbances man-made or natural. Real-time information enables network operators to isolate the affected areas and to redirect the flow of energy around the damaged facilities.

One of the most important to resist the attack is the intelligent control of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of intelligent networks to avoid or mitigate the disruption throughout the system, such as power outages. The traditional control based on weighted least squares (WLS), which is very weak and prone to fail when serious errors (Including topology errors, measurement errors or errors of parameters) are present. The new technology is state of the monitor required to meet the objectives of intelligent networks.

High power quality

Interruptions and problems of power quality costs the U.S. business more $ 100 billion on average every year. It is alleged that ensure stable power technologies offer intelligent networks will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses.

Accommodates generation options

As intelligent networks continue to support traditional power loads, without any problems interconnection of fuel cells, renewables, microturbines and other distributed generation technologies to local and regional level. The integration of small, localized, or on-site power generation allows residential, commercial and industrial customers to self-generate and sell excess energy to the network a minimum of technical or regulatory barriers. This also improves the quality and energy reliability, reduce electricity costs, and offers more possibilities customer choice.

Enable the electricity market

Significant increases in the bulk transport capacity improvements are needed in the management transport network. These improvements are aimed at creating an open market where alternative energy sources geographically distant places can be sold to customers wherever they are.

Intelligence sharing networks enable small producers to generate and sell electricity locally using sources alternatives such as roof-mounted photovoltaic panels, small scale wind turbines and micro hydro generators. Without the added intelligence provided by the sensors and software designed to react instantly to imbalances caused by intermittent sources such as distributed generation can degrade the quality system.

Optimize assets

An intelligent network can optimize capital assets while minimizing operations and maintenance costs. optimized energy flows reduce waste and maximize use of resources to generate lower cost. The harmonization of local distribution of energy flows and interregional traffic transmission improves utilization of existing network assets and reduce network congestion and bottlenecks, which can ultimately produce savings for consumers.

Enable high penetration of intermittent generation sources

Climate change and environmental concerns increase the amount of resources renewable energy. These are mostly intermittent. Smart Grid technologies enable power systems to operate with large quantities energy resources, as they allow both providers and consumers to offset such intermittency.

Features

Existing implementations Intelligent Network plans to offer a wide range of features to perform the required functions.

Load adjustment

The total load connected to the mains can vary significantly over time. Although the total charge is the sum of many individual decisions of customers, the overall burden is not stable, slowly varying average power consumption. Imagine the increase of the load, if you start a popular TV show and millions of TVs, the power immediately. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid increase in energy consumption, faster boot time of a large generator, some spare generators are placed in a dissipative [Citation needed] on standby. An intelligent network to warn all individual TVs or other large customers, to reduce the burden on a temporary basis (to allow time for implement a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms is possible to predict the of generators should be used to achieve a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at a cost of more generators reserve. In an intelligent network, reducing the load even with a small portion of customers can eliminate the problem.

Demand Response Support

Support demand response allows generators and loads to interact real-time automated, coordination to flatten demand peaks. The elimination fraction of demand that occurs in these peaks eliminates the cost of adding standby generators, the cuts wear and prolongs the life of the equipment, and allows users to reduce their energy bills by having a low priority devices using power only when it is cheapest.

Currently, grid systems have different degrees of communication within the control systems of high value assets, such as generating plants, transmission lines, substations and large power users. The information flows in one direction, and charges users the control to public services. Utilities attempt to meet demand and succeed or fail in varying degrees (low voltage, rolling blackout, the blackout is not controlled). The total amount energy demand by users may have a very broad probability distribution that requires the generation of replacement plants on standby to respond to rapid changes in energy use. This unidirectional flow of information is costly, the last 10% of generation capacity can require as little as 1% time, and brownouts and interruptions can be costly to consumers.

higher load resistance

Despite multiple routes touted as a feature of the intelligent network, network-old also revealed multiple routes. opening lines of energy in the network were built using a radial pattern, then connectivity is guaranteed through multiple pathways, referred to as a network structure. However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or the effects associated with over the network beyond the boundaries of any particular network element, may fail, and the current is diverted to network elements, which over time may also fail, causing a domino effect. See outage. One technique to prevent this load shedding electrical equipment or a voltage reduction (brownout). [Citation needed]

The decentralization of power generation

Another element of fault tolerance of intelligent networks is decentralized power generation. Distributed generation allows individual consumers to generate the feeding site, thus generating method they find appropriate. This allows the individual loads to tailor their generation directly to your load, The independent grid failures. Classic networks were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but a local sub-network generates more power than it consumes, reverse flow may raise questions of safety and reliability. A smart grid can handle these situations. [Citation needed]

Price signaling for consumers

In many countries, including Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the utilities have installed two meters from the electricity tariff in the homes of many of encouraging people to use their power at night or weekends, when the overall industry demand is very low. During the time of lower activity is greatly reduced price, mainly for storage heating radiators or heat pump with a thermal mass, but also for appliances. This idea will continue studying in an intelligent network, where the price could change in seconds and electrical equipment is given methods to react regard. In addition, customers' personal preferences, for example, to use only green energy, can be incorporated in an electrical network. [Citation needed]

Technology

Most intelligent network technologies already used in other applications such as manufacturing and telecommunications are adapted for use in network operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas:

Integrated Communications

Some media are current, but not uniform, as they have developed gradually and not fully integrated. In most cases, data are being collected by modem instead of a direct network connection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, energy management, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, communications power line carrier and fiber optics. integrated communications allow for real-time control, information and exchange of data for reliability system, asset utilization, and security.

Detection and measurement

Core functions include assessment of congestion and network stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention and support strategies for control. The technologies include advanced microprocessor meters (Smart meters) and meter reading equipment, control systems area, number of dynamic line (usually based on readings online by temperature distributed detection combined with real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), the signature of electromagnetic measurement and analysis, time use tools and pricing in real time, advanced switches and cables, radio backscatter technology, and digital protection relays.

Smart meters

Main article: Metro Smart

A smart grid analog replaces mechanical meters with digital meters to record real-time usage. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from the plants generation to electrical outlets (plug intelligence) network enabled smart devices. By customer choice, these devices can be closed during peak hours. [Citation needed]

Phasor measurement units

Main article: phasor measurement unit

high-speed sensors PMU called distributed through its network can be used to control the quality of food and in some cases respond to them automatically. Phasor representations waveforms of alternating current, which, ideally, in real time, are identical throughout the network and comply with the most convenient. In the 1980's, he realize that the clock pulses of global positioning system (GPS) could be used for precise time measurements in the network. With a large number of units management and the ability to compare shapes from AC readings everywhere in the network, the research suggests that automated systems will be able to revolutionize energy management systems in response to system conditions in a fast and dynamic.

Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) is a network of PMUS that can provide real-time control at the regional and national levels. Many of the systems engineering community believe that the power outage Northeast of 2003 would have been contained in a much smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network was in place.

Advanced Components

Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostic components are changing fundamental skills and network characteristics. within these broad categories Technology R & D include: flexible alternating current devices transport network high voltage DC power generation, first and second superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting wires, distributed generation devices and energy storage, conductive composites, and smart devices. [Citation needed]

Advanced Control

power system automation allows rapid and accurate solutions to the interruptions or cuts specific network. These technologies rely on and contribute to each of the other four key areas. Three categories of advanced technology to the methods of control are: distributed intelligent agents (control systems), analysis tools (algorithms software and high speed computers), and operational applications (SCADA, substation automation, demand response, etc..) programming techniques using artificial intelligence, Fujian power grid in China has created a whole system of protection of the area that is quickly able to calculate accurately control strategy and execution. Monitoring the voltage stability and control (VSMC) software using a sensitivity-based successive linear programming method reliably determining the optimal control solution.

Improved interfaces and decision support

Information systems that reduce complexity for operators and managers have the tools to effectively and efficiently operate a network with an increasing number of variables. The technologies include techniques display to reduce the large amounts of data into understandable visual formats, software systems that offer multiple options when the shares are required operator systems and operational training simulators and hat-if analysis.

Rules and groups

IEC TC57 has created a family of standards international can be used as part of the intelligent network. These standards include IEC 61850 is an architecture for substation automation, IEC and 61970/61968 the Common Information Model (CIM). The CIM provides common semantics that are used to convert data into information.

MultiSpeak created a specification that supports the functionality of the smart grid distribution. MultiSpeak has a robust set of definitions of integration that supports almost all software interfaces required for a distribution company or the distribution of a vertically integrated utility. MultiSpeak integration is defined using extensible language marks (XML) and Web services.

The IEEE has created a standard to support synchrophasor C37.118.

A user group that discusses and supports world experience rules are effectively used in intelligent networks is the UCA International Users Group.

There is a utility in the LonMark Task Group International, which deals with issues related to intelligent networks.

There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP / IP technology as a common communication platform for applications Smart Meter, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a management platform common.

IEEE IEEE P2030 is a project developing a "Draft Guide to Smart Grid Interoperability and Technology Energy Technology Working with Information Power System (EPS) and end-use applications and charges. "

NIST has included ITU-T G.hn as one of the "identified Performance Standards "Smart Grid" for those who believed there was a strong stakeholder consensus. "G.hn is standard high-communications Speed over power lines, telephone lines and coaxial cables.

OASIS EnergyInterop 'is an OASIS technical committee development XML standards for interoperation of energy. Is the starting point is the standard OpenADR California.

Government Policy and Funding

Countries

Australia

The Government of Australia has committed to invest $ 100 million into smart networks. In early October, is expected to the call for proposals to launch a study on the location technology of success that was announced in early 2010. The study is expected to raise awareness customers and commitment to energy use and establish a demand management and distributed management of distributed generation.

In Australia, smart grid adoption is hampered by the lack of service level requirements for electricity distribution companies for connecting generation distributed in a timely manner.

Canada

The government of Ontario, Canada, through the Accountability Act Energy Conservation 2006, has ordered the installation of smart meters in all Ontario businesses and households for the year 2010.

China

As part of its ongoing five-year plan, China is building a wide area monitoring (WAMS) and 2012 UAP plans have sensors on all generators of 300 megawatts or more, and all substations of 500 kV or more. All generation and transmission is strictly controlled by the state, so that standards and compliance processes are fast. Requirements for using the same Chinese manufacturer of the PMU and stabilizers under that strict compliance with specified status. All communications are through broadband using a private network, so that the flow of data to the control, without significant delays.

On May 21, 2009, China has announced an aggressive implementation under the Smart Grid. Compared with the U.S. and Europe, the Chinese Smart Grid seems to be more focused on the transmission.

European Union

Development of smart grid technologies is part of the European Technology Platform (ETP) initiative called the platform SmartGrids Technology. The SmartGrids European Technology Platform for Electricity Networks of the Future began its work in 2005. Its purpose is to develop and promote a vision for development European electricity networks looking towards 2020 and beyond [citation needed].

United States

Main article: Intelligent Network United States

Support for intelligent networks became federal policy with the approval of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The Act, Title13, provides $ 100 million in funding for fiscal year 20,082,012, establishing a matching program to states, utilities and consumers to build intelligent network capabilities, and creates a Grid Modernization Commission to evaluate the benefits of demand response and recommend necessary standards protocol. The Law on Energy Independence and Security of 2007 directs the National Institute of Standards and Technology to coordinate the development of intelligent network standards, then the FERC regulations enacted by government.

Intelligent networks received more support with the passage of the Recovery and Reinvestment 2009, which set aside 11 billion U.S. dollars for the creation of an intelligent network.

Barriers

In Europe and the U.S., there are significant obstacles to widespread adoption of smart grid technologies, including:

policy frameworks that reward utilities for operational efficiency with excluding U.S. awards. [Clarify]

consumer concerns about privacy, [clarify]

social concern "fair" the availability of electricity, [clarify]

social concerns about the abuses of Enron to exploit the information [clarify]

limited capacity of public services to rapidly transform their business and operating environment to take advantage of smart grid technologies. [Clarify]

concern to the government mechanisms to control the use of all power through activities. [Clarify]

Before a utility installs a advanced metering, or any type of intelligent system, must make a business case for investment. Some components, such as system stabilizers (PSS) installed in the generators are expensive, require complex integration in the control system of the grid, are needed only in emergencies, but only effective if other providers in the network has. Without any incentive to install, energy suppliers do not. Most utilities find it difficult to justify the installation of a communications infrastructure for a single application (eg meter reading). Because of this, a utility Generally, you should identify several applications that use the same communications infrastructure, for example, reading a meter, power quality control, connection and disconnect customers remotely, allowing demand response, etc. Ideally, the communications infrastructure will not only support short applications term, but unanticipated applications will occur in the future. Regulatory or legislative measures can also manage public services to implement puzzle pieces of a smart grid. Each company has a unique set of business, regulatory, legislative and drivers that guide their investments. This means that each company will take a different path to the creation of intelligent network and different public services will create intelligent networks in adoption rates different.

Some features of intelligent networks draw opposition from the industries that currently are, or hope to provide services similar. An example is the competition with cable and DSL Internet providers of broadband power line Internet access. Providers of SCADA control systems networks have intentionally designed proprietary hardware, software and protocols so they can not interoperate with other systems to bind their customers to the supplier.

Market Outlook

In 2009, the intelligent networking industry was valued at around 21.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2014, will exceed at least 42.8 billion dollars. Given the success of the intelligent network in the U.S., the world market is expected to grow at a faster rate, rising from 69.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2009 to 171.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2014. With segments that can benefit most will be smart metering hardware vendors and software vendors used to transfer and organize the vast amount of data collected by the meter.

Deployment and implementation efforts

In the E-Energy project called several companies German utilities are creating nucleolus for the first time in six regions of independent model. A technology competition identified these regions to carry out model research and development activities with the aim of creating an "Internet of Energy"

One of the first deployment attempt to "Network smart "technologies in the United States and was rejected recently by the electricity regulators in the state of Massachusetts, a U.S. state. According to a article in the Boston Globe, Western Northeast Utilities' subsidiary Massachusetts Electric Co. actually tried to create a "smart grid" grants program change public that low-income customers-pay to pre-pay billing (use of "smart cards"), plus special increased premium rates for electricity used over a predetermined amount. This plan was rejected by regulators as "eroded protections important for low-income clients against closures. According to the Boston Globe, the plan "unfair to low-income customers, and circumvent the laws of Massachusetts intended to help consumers struggling to keep the lights on. "A spokesman for a support group environment for intelligent network planning and Western Massachusetts Electric aforementioned "plan" intelligent networks ", in particular, said:" If used properly, smart grid technology has great amount of potential for reducing peak demand, allowing us to close some of the oldest, dirtiest power plants … It is a tool. "

the general economic developments

Because customers can choose their electricity providers, depending on their methods of rates different approach to transportation costs will increase. Reduced maintenance and replacement costs encourage a more advanced control.

A smart grid the exact boundaries of electric power to residential, small-scale network of energy production and storage devices, transmitting information about operating status and needs, collecting information on prices and conditions of the network, and move beyond the central control network a collaborative network.

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