FAT-WHYME

Satellite TV

History
The satellite television signal was first transmitted from Europe to the Telstar satellite on North America in 1962. The first geosynchronous communications satellite, Syncom 2 was launched in 1963. The first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird), was placed in synchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national network of satellite television, called Orbita, was created in the Soviet Union in 1967 and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for broadcasting and TV signal delivery ground stations to downlink. The first national satellite in North America to carry television was Canada's geostationary Anik 1, which was launched in 1972. ATS-6, the first educational experimentation and direct broadcast satellite, was launched in 1974. The first Soviet geostationary satellite to carry Direct a home television, called Ekran, was launched in 1976.
Technology
Satellites used for television signals are usually in the form naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of + / -63.4 degrees and orbital period of 12 hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the Earth Ecuador.
Satellite television, and other communications by satellite, starts with an antenna located on a transmission uplink center. satellite dish uplink are very large, up to 9 to 12 meters (30-40 feet) in diameter. The results increase in diameter on targeting more accurate and greater signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the signals uplink transmission within a specific frequency range, to be greeted by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. "Relays" The transponder signals to Earth, but in a different frequency band (a process known as translation, which is used to prevent interference with the uplink signal), usually in the C-band (48 GHz) or Ku-band (1,218 GHz) or both. The first leg of the trajectory of the satellite signal a receiving earth station is called the downlink.
A typical satellite has up to 32 Ku-band transponders and up to 24 C-band only satellite, or more for hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 MHz and 50 MHz C-band satellite Each geo-stationary should be spaced 2 degrees of the next satellite (to avoid interference). For Ku space can be 1 degree. This means there is a limit of 360 / 2 = 180 satellites C-band geostationary and 360 / 1 = 360 geostationary Ku-band. C-band transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while the transmission Ku band is affected by rain (water is an excellent absorber of microwaves in this frequency in particular).
The downlink satellite signal, very weak after traveling a great distance (see inverse square law), is collected by a receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal from the antenna coordination point. Brackets mounted at the focal point of the antenna is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front end of a burned-guide section wave that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'leads' to a probe or pickup connected to a low noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signal, filters block frequencies at which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and converts the frequency block a lower frequency range in the range of the L-band. The evolution of the LNB was one of necessity and invention.
The original C-band television systems satellite uses a low noise amplifier connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal was then fed via very expensive and sometimes impedance 50 ohm coaxial cable filled with gas hardliners inside receiver or, in other designs fed to a downconverter (mixer and an oscillator tuning voltage with some filter circuitry) for downconversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled, typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the voltage tuning which is fed through a separate cable from the header. But this design evolved.
Designs for microstrip based converters for amateur frequencies radio have been adapted for the 4 GHz C-band Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, and technologically easier manage blocks of frequencies (MF).
The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver the dish and LNB satellite TV, and the technology for handling the signal in L band and UHF was far cheaper than the management of the signal at frequencies Band C. The shift to cheaper technology cable impedance of 50 Ohm connectors of the first N-C-band systems for the cheapest and technology 75 Ohm F-Connectors allowed the TV satellite receivers used earlier, which were actually modified by UHF TV tuners which selected the TV channel satellite for down conversion to a lower intermediate frequency centered on 70 MHz in which demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry to change from being a big fan, where receivers were built in small quantities and complete systems were expensive (costing thousands of dollars) to a measure a more commercial mass production.
Direct broadcast satellite dishes are equipped with an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB.
The receiver demodulates and converts the satellite signals as desired (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.) Sometimes, the receiver includes the ability to encrypt or decrypt, the receiver is called an integrated receiver / decoder or IRD. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNBF or LNB must be of low loss RG-6, four shield RG-6 or RG-11, etc. can not be standard RG-59.
Standards
Analog television distributed via satellite is usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in NTSC, PAL or SECAM television. The analog signal is frequency modulated and is converted from an FM signal with regard to the band. This band has the video signal and the audio subcarrier (s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal.
If the signal is a digital TV signal or multiple signals, often is QPSK.
In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, are generally based on standards open as MPEG and DVB-S or DVB-S.
The conditional access encryption coding methods include BISS, Conax, Digicipher, Irdeto, Nagravision, PowerVu, Viaccess, Videocipher and VideoGuard. Many conditional access systems have been compromised.
Use categories
There are three main types of satellite television usage: the direct reception by the viewer, reception of local television affiliates, or receipt of headers for distribution across terrestrial cable systems.
Direct to the viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both homes and businesses, including hotels, etc.
Direct broadcast satellite
direct broadcast satellite (DBS), also known as "Direct-to-Home" is a relatively undeveloped state latest in the world of television distribution. DIRECT satellite broadcasting may refer to their own communications satellites that provide service DBS television service or real. DBS systems are commonly referred to as "mini-dish systems. DBS uses the top of the Ku band, as well as portions Ka-band.
Modified DBS systems can also be run in C-band satellites and have been used by some networks in the past to get around the law of some countries against reception of Ku-band transmissions.
Most DBS systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. With services pay-TV, the flow of data is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying technology is similar reception, technology Pay TV is proprietary, often consisting of a conditional access module and smart card.
This measure ensures that TV providers satellite that only authorized, paying subscribers have access to Pay TV content but at the same time can allow free-air (FTA) channels to be seen even by the people with standard equipment (DBS receivers without Conditional Access Modules) available on the market.
Television Receive Only
Television deadline for receiving only, or TVRO, arose during the early days of television reception by satellite uplink to distinguish commercial TV satellite downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was before there was a DTH satellite broadcasting industry television. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by cable TV networks rather than received by the viewers at home. Systems of satellite TV receiver were built largely by amateurs, and engineers. These TVRO system operated mainly in C-band frequencies and the dishes required were large, generally more than 3 meters (10 feet) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.
TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television and audio from both C-band and Ku-band transponders in the FSS satellite type. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be more direct and Interior systems can use a dish antenna smaller due to the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain.
TVRO systems tend to use larger rather smaller antenna dish as it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a C-band settings, rather than just a Ku-band settings only. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of receiving digital satellite signal, as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV.
The narrow beam width of a standard satellite dish means you can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time. Simulsat or Vertex-RSI TORUS, is a earthstation antenna quasi-parabolic satellite is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more Cy Ku-band satellites simultaneously.
Direct to Home TV
Today, most satellite TV customers in developed markets get their television programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider, such as TV or DISH DTH platform. The provider selects programs and broadcasts to subscribers as a joint package. Basically, the goal is to bring provider dozens or even hundreds of television channels to customers in a way that approaches television competition cable. Unlike the previous program, the provider of transmission is fully digital, which means it has a high quality picture and stereo sound. The Early satellite television was broadcast on C-band – radio in the 3.4 gigahertz (GHz) to 7 GHz frequency range. Digital broadcast satellite transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz). There are five major components involved in a satellite direct to home (DTH): the programming source, Broadcast Media Center, satellite, antenna and receiver.
Programming sources are simply the channels that provide programming for broadcast. Provider (DTH platform), doesn create original programming itself, but it pays other companies (HBO, for example, or ESPN and STAR TV or the Sahara, etc.) for the right to disseminate their content via satellite. Thus, the supplier is a distributor of programming sources. (Cable television networks also work in the same principle.) The distribution center is the backbone of the system. In the media center or the location playout and uplink, the television provider receives signals several sources of programming, compresses these signals using digital compression (stir if necessary), and beams a broadcast signal to the satellite appropriate. The satellite receives the signal from the broadcasting station and relay to Earth. The viewer dish captures the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites in the same part of the sky) and passes it to the receiver in the viewer's home. The receiver processes the signal and passes it to a standard TV. These are the steps in detail:
Programming
The satellite TV providers get programming from two main sources: international response channels (like HBO, ESPN and CNN, Star TV, SET, B4U etc.) and various local channels (SABE TV, Sahara TV, Doordarshan, etc..) Most of the delivery channels also provide programming for cable TV, so sometimes some of the DTH platforms add in some special channels exclusively to its own to attract more subscribers. Turnaround channels often have a distribution center that beams their programming to a geostationary satellite. The broadcast center uses large satellite dishes to pick up These analog and digital signals from various sources.
Broadcasting centers
The broadcast center converts all of this in a high-quality programming, uncompressed digital stream. At this point, the sequence contains a large amount of data of about 270 megabits per second (Mbit / s) for each channel. In order to transmit Hence the signal from the broadcast center has to compress. Otherwise, it would be too big for the satellite to handle. The providers use the MPEG-2 format compressed video with the same format used to store movies on DVD. With MPEG-2 compression, the provider can reduce the 270 Mbit / s stream to about 3 or 10 Mbit / S (depending on the type of programming). This is the crucial step made by the DTH service a success. With digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200 channels. Without digital compression, can transmit about 30 channels. In the center of diffusion, the flow of high quality digital video goes through an MPEG-2 encoder, program that converts MPEG-2 video the correct size and format for the satellite receiver at home.
Encryption and transmission
After the video is compressed, the provider needs to be encrypted to prevent people from accessing it for free. Encryption scrambles the digital data so that only can be decrypted (converted back into usable data) if the receiver has the satellite receiver to correctly decode the decryption algorithm and key security. Once the signal is compressed and encrypted, the broadcast center beams it directly to one of its satellites. The satellite picks up the signal, amplifies it and back beams to Earth, where viewers can pick it up.
The dish
A satellite dish is a special type of antenna designed to focus on a specific broadcast source. The standard dish consists of a parabolic (bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed horn. To transmit a signal, a controller sends it through of the cornet, and the dish focuses the signal into a relatively narrow beam. The dish on the receiving end can transmit information, but can only receive. The dish works received in the exact opposite of the station. When a beam hits the curved dish, the parabola shape reflects the radio signal into the interior at some point, like a concave mirror focuses light onto a point. The curved dish focuses incoming radio waves into the feed horn. In this case, the point is the horn a plate, which passes the signal at the receiving computer. In an ideal setup, are not major obstacles between the satellite and the antenna, so that the antenna receives a clear signal. In some systems, the dish has to pick up signals from two or more satellites at the same time. The satellites can be close enough that a regular target with a single horn can pick up signals from both. This compromises the quality of something, because the dish is not pointing directly to one or more of the satellites. A new dish design uses two or more horns to pick up signals from different satellites. As the beams from different satellites to hit the plate curves, reflecting at different angles for a ray hits one of the horns and another beam hits a different horn. The central element in the feed horn noise is the drive Blockdown low, or LNB. The LNB amplifies the signal bounces off the dish and filters out noise (no program-carrying signals.) The LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to the receiver satellite into the house of the viewer.
The receiver
More information: set-top box
The final component of the satellite TV system whole is the receiver. The receiver has four essential jobs: The de-coding the encoded signal. To unlock the signal, the receiver needs the decoder chip suitable for the programming package. The provider can communicate with the chip, through the satellite signal to make the necessary adjustments to their programs decoding. The provider may occasionally send signals that disrupt illegal decoders, such as electronic counter measure (ECM) against users illegal. Take the MPEG-2 digital signal and converts it into an analog format that a standard television can recognize. Since the receiver spits out a single channel to Instead, you can record one program and watch another. You can also view two different programs on two TVs connected to the same receiver. To do these things, which are standard in the conventional cable, you need to buy an additional receiver. Some receivers have a host of other features as well. They take a programming schedule signal between the provider and present this information in an onscreen programming guide. Many receivers have parental lock options, and some writers have incorporated Digital Video Recorder (DVR), allowing you to pause live TV or record it on a hard disk. While the digital satellite service broadcasting is still missing some of the basic features of conventional cable (the ability to easily split signals between different TVs and VCRs, for example) the selection of a variety of programming and extended service areas is now seen as an alternative features.
Satellite TV, by region and country
Africa
DSTV South Africa-based Multichoice is the leading provider of digital satellite TV in sub-Saharan Africa, broadcasting, mainly in English but also Portuguese, German and Afrikaans. Canal Horizons, owned by Canal + in France, is the leading provider of French-speaking Africa. Another participant in the satellite television circuit in Africa is MyTvAfrica, a subsidiary of Power Technology based in Dubai. Satellite television has much more successful in Africa than cable, primarily because the cable TV infrastructure does not exist and would be expensive to install and most Africans can not afford cable television. Moreover, the maintenance of a cable network is expensive due to the need to cover larger areas and more sparsely populated although there are some terrestrial pay-TV and MMDS services.
The launch of satellite Free2view made available to the masses in Africa television. MSNBC Free2view currently airing as its exclusive news channel is about to launch additional channels.
GTV, a British company, has become in sub-Saharan Africa's second offer digital satellite television with the focus for the first time in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Congo, etc.
Nigeria
DSTV had traditionally held a monopoly on the sector of Nigeria Satellite television, but three new companies, and television HiTVmytv trend is starting to compete in this sector
Sudan
Sudan TV, the state-owned national network, is available by satellite and broadcast.
The Americas
United States
It has been suggested that this section is divided into a new article entitled satellite TV in the U.S.. (Discuss)
Currently, there are two major satellite TV providers subscription services available to American consumers: Dish Network and DirecTV.
Over the past three decades, various U.S. satellite services have come and gone or combined to form the current primary care services. In 1975, Created RCA Satcom 1, the first satellite built especially for use by the then three national television networks (CBS, NBC and ABC). Later that same year, HBO leased a transponder on a Satcom and began broadcasting television programs via satellite to cable systems. The owners of cable systems paid $ 10,000 to install 3-meter antennas to receive TV signals in band C. In 1976, Taylor Howard built an amateur system, which consisted of a converted military plate surplus radar and a satellite receiver designed and built by Howard, for home satellite reception. Taylor system could be used for television reception from both satellites and Soviet American media. In 1977, Pat Robertson launched the first basic cable satellite delivered cable called CBN Network in 1979, the satellite home viewers law allows homeowners in the U.S. to own and operate its own satellite system household, which consists of C-band equipment from a multitude of manufacturers who were making parts for systems such as Howard Taylor, and started a major controversy channels can be received by whom.
USSB was a direct to home service founded in 1981. In the 1990's was associated with Hughes and continued working until bought in 1998 by DirecTV.
In 1991 Primestar launched as the first North American service DBS. Hughes DirecTV, the first national high-power Ku-band upper DBS system, went online in 1994. The DirecTV system became the delivery vehicle for the new USSB. In 1996, EchoStar's Dish Network went online in the United United States and moved to a similar success as DirecTV's primary competitor. AlphaStar service launched in 1996 and went bankrupt in 1997. Dominion Video Satellite Sky Inc Angel also went online in the United States in 1996 with its DBS service geared to "faith and family." Primestar sold its assets to Hughes DBS 1999 and changed to an IPTV platform.
In 2004, Cablevision's Voom service went online, specifically addressing the emerging market HDTV owners and aficionados, but folded in April 2005. Xclusive service HD channels have migrated to the Dish Network system. Commercial services of the DBS are the main competition for cable television service, although the two types of services have significantly different regulatory requirements (eg cable television has public access requirements, and the two types of distribution have different regulations on local stations).
Multiple 90cm LNA toroidal satellite dish
Most ethnic-language broadcasts in North America are made in the Ku band free-to-air. The highest concentration of Galaxy ethnic programming from 19 to 97 W. Pittsburgh International Telecommunications and GlobeCast World TV offers a mix of ethnic channels free and pay TV in DVB-S format, international-standard, like the others. Home2US Communications Inc. also offers several ethnic channels on AMC-4 to 101 W, as well as other channels pay TV and free. Several members of the United States-English language network (representing CBS, NBC, ABC, PBS, FOX, The CW (formerly the WB and UPN) ION Network and MyNetworkTV) are available as free to air broadcasts, as well as the three U.S. networks and Spanish (Univision, Telefutura and Telemundo). The number of free to air specialty channels is otherwise rather limited. Specific FTA offerings tend to come and go quite often and usually with little or no notice, although sites such as LyngSat track of changes in the availability of both free and pay channels worldwide.
On October 7, 2009, NAB President TV Paul Karpowicz Board scheduled to testify before the Senate Subcommittee on Communications of the stations would be willing to allow subscribers to keep distant signals so even if the digital transition resulted in subscribers receiving stations could not do before. The NAB opposed the new offer distant signals if a digital signal is available. Modernization Act of satellite TV had to be approved before the end of 2009. The House bill also allowed Dish Network to offer distant signals. On November 5, President of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Patrick Leahy, said he expected a "short-term agreement" in the bill passed the committee on 24 September. If the Senate passes the House must approve the bill, and if the two versions can not be reconciled, the license to import the signals that expires at the end of the year could be extended. The House version includes an agreement with Echostar that, where possible, 210 markets may receive signals, and Echostar could reissue distant signals.
The Senate Commerce Committee approved a version of the bill on 19 November, without an amendment requiring local signals in all markets in three years, although one study conducted in 30 markets which still had a problem. Before the Senate passage, the two versions of the bill must be reconciled, the Judicial Committee had a short-term market solution, while the committee bill requires Commerce PBS in HD before.
The House passed the Satellite Home Viewer Act Reauthorization December 3. Included in the Chamber of Commerce and House Committee versions of the Judiciary Committee and renewed the ability to use distant signals for five years, allowed Dish Network distant signals to provide new markets and requires 28 to receive the signals are not available locally. The bill also addressed some copyright issues and requires Network Dish HD signals provide non-commercial use by 2011 instead of 2013.
One potential problem: determination that can not receive a signal is still based on analog instead of digital television.
On February 11, 2010, Majority Leader Senator Harry Reid, said the satellite was reauthorization of a bill jobs. Rick Boucher, chairman of the House of communications and the Internet, which believes the bill would pass. The deadline is March, and that has lasted 60 days.
Canada
Currently, there are two major TV providers subscription satellite service to Canadian consumers: Bell TV and Shaw Direct.The CRTC has refused to license American satellite services, but But hundreds of thousands (up to one million by some estimates) of Canadians access or have accessed American services usually these services have to be billed to an address in America and paid in U.S. dollars, although some viewers receive signals America through the deciphering of hackers. If such activity is the gray market or black market is the source of debate, often heated between those who want greater choice and those who argue that protecting enterprises Canadians and Canadian culture is more important. In October 2004, Quebec judge ruled Ct Danile Radio Act of Canada in direct violation of the Charter Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, insofar as it prohibits the receipt of services of unlicensed foreign television. The trial gave the federal government within one year to remedy this violation of the Constitution. However, this contradicts previous decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada and in the last word in late 2004, was expected to be appealed. [Citation needed] In addition, Canadian satellite providers continue to be affected by black-market devices, no doubt, "pirate" or "steal" their signals as well as a number of devices otherwise completely legal that can be reprogrammed to receive pirate TV. Although not official statistics exist, the use of U.S. satellite services in Canada appears to be declining from 2004 Some say this is probably due to a combination of increasingly aggressive police enforcement and an unfavorable exchange rate between Canada and the U.S. currencies. As the U.S. dollar has been declining since 2005 against other international currencies, the decline in DirecTV in Canada hearing and may be related not to a cost difference as much as a series of swaps smart card that have made the first three generations of DirecTV access cards (F, H and HU) all obsolete.
Latin America
Latin American system main satellite is Sky Latin America, which has about 1.4 million subscribers in each of Brazil and Mexico and DirecTV Latin America, which offers a service rest of the Americas, with a total of approximately 1.3 million subscribers. Pay-TV is not popular among Latin Americans, because the rates are expensive in terms PPA.
The service offered in Brazil includes Digital TV with Dolby Digital Surround support, metros and multiple subtitle options, for the first time in Brazil market. A recent update to Sky services in Brazil is Sky + which allows customers to record one program while watching another, as well as Sky HD, which now provides up to 29 HD channels. The services are relatively expensive however, so the market penetration is still limited.
Asia
Bangladesh
There are several satellite providers in Bangladesh. The main ones are the following: – - # Bangla Vision – # NTV – RTV # – # ATN Bangla – # Channel – Channel # 1 – # Kasturi – # DD – # Boishaki TV – ETV # – # DESH TV – Television Diganta # – # TV Islamic – # STVUS –
Kazakhstan
The first television channel salellite in Kazakhstan Caspionet, was released by the Khabar news agency in 2002.
Malaysia
Astro's "mini-antenna."
Malaysia only TV operator satellite, Measat Broadcast Network Systems (a subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks plc) launched Astro in 1996. Currently has exclusive rights from the Malaysian government to offer satellite television broadcasting in the country until 2017.
Japan
The medium-scale satellite broadcasting for experimental purposes (BSE) was planned by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT) and developed by the National Space Agency Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) since 1974. After that, the first Japanese satellite broadcasting experiment called BSE or Yuri, was launched in 1978. NHK started experimental broadcasting of TV with satellite BS-2a May 1984. The satellite BS-2a was initiated in preparation for the start of large-scale emissions 2 channel. Satellite broadcasting BS-2a was the first national DBS (direct broadcast satellite), transmitting signals directly to the house viewers. satellite attitude control was done using 3 axial method (time zero), and lifespan was 5 years. The TV transponder units are designed to amplify the transmitted signals enough to allow reception of 40 small, at home or 60 cm to use satellite dishes. The satellite is equipped with 3 TV transponders (including reserve units). However, a malfunctioning transponder two months after its launch (23 March 1984), and there is a second missed three months after launch (May 3, 1984). Therefore, the scheduled satellite broadcasting had to be adjusted to any hurry to test broadcasting on a single channel. Later, NHK started regular service (NTSC) and experimental HDTV broadcasting using BS-2b June 1989. Some Japanese manufacturers of consumer electronics at home began delivering TVsets, video players and systems, including sound-equipped home built-in satellite tuners or receivers. Such electronic products had a specific BS logo. In April 1991, the Japanese company began ACC pay TV service while BS-3 communication satellite was in use. In 1996 the total number of households that receive satellite broadcasting exceeded 10 million dollars. The modern two satellite systems in use in Japan and JCSAT BSAT, the modern WOWOW Broadcasting Satellite Service uses satellite digital BSAT, while another set of digital TV broadcasting SKY PerfecTV! uses JCSAT satellites.
Pakistan
In recent years, there has been much investment in television industry in Pakistan. There are over 90 satellite channels operating directly inside Pakistan and about 40 operating its broadcasting from Dubai, Thailand, Bangkok and the United Kingdom. [Citation needed]
Philippines
Dream Satellite TV is pay DTH service of Philippine Multimedia Service Inc. (PMSI)
Cignal digital TV is pay DTH services Mediascape Inc.
G Sat is pay DTH service FUBC.
Thailand
See also: TrueVisions
and the Media in Thailand
TrueVisions is the pay-TV service in Thailand's leading cable television and television operating in Bangkok satellite throughout the country. TrueVisions is owned by True Corporation. Viet Nam has launched sat in 4 / 2008 and GMM Grammy, is the pay-TV service in the second Thailand
Australasia
Australia
Satellite television in Australia has proved a much more viable option than cable television because large distances between population centers. The first service to come online in Australia was Galaxy, which was later taken by cable TV giant Foxtel, which now operates both cable and satellite to all cities, the state capital (except Darwin and Hobart) and the whole of Western Australia. Its main metropolitan rival Optus Vision, while rural areas are served by Austar, both of which only Foxtel broadcast from 2005. In 2006 SelecTV started operations aimed at is to provide relatively low cost packages that cater to specialized market segments.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, Sky Network Television offers multichannel digital satellite television in addition to its non-digital terrestrial UHF service. The newly launched DTT service is also available on the Optus D1 satellite and a high-definition digital terrestrial.
Europe
Continental Western Europe
In Europe, DBS services are satellite mainly on Astra and Hotbird (operated by Eutelsat.) BSkyB (aka Sky) serves the UK. SKY Italia, Canal Digitaal and UPC that major suppliers in Italy, the Netherlands and Central Europe.
The global market share of DBS satellite services in 2004 was 21.4% of total TV homes, however this very vary from country to country. For example, in Germany, with many open-air broadcasters, the DBS market share is nearly 40%, and in Belgium and the Netherlands Low, only about 7% due to widespread cable networks with exclusive content.
Russian Federation
The first Soviet communication satellite, called Molniya (or "Lightning") was launched in 1965. In November 1967 the national system of satellite television, called Orbita was deployed. The system consisted of three satellites in highly elliptical Molniya, ground facilities in Moscow uplink and about 20 downlink stations, located in cities and towns in the remote regions of Siberia and the Far East. Each station had a 12-meter dish antenna reception and signal transmitters TV retransmission of local households.
However, a large part of the Soviet central regions were not yet covered by the satellite transponder Molniya. In 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). It including geostationary satellites called Ekran equipped with powerful 300 W UHF transponders, a broadcasting station uplink and receive several simple stations located in different cities and towns in the region of Siberia. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, represented as a satellite receiver analog household equipped with a simple Yagi-Uda antenna. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced satellites Ekran-M series.
In 1979 Soviet engineers developed Moskva (or Moscow) and delivery system broadcasting TV signal via satellites. The new type of satellite geostationary communications, called Gorizont, were launched. They were equipped with transponders aboard powerful, so the size of receiving antennas parabolic downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (compared to the first 12 – meter dishes standard downlink orbital stations).
In 1989 an improved version of the system of satellite television Moskva has been called Global'naya Moskva (Moscow or global). The system includes a few Geostationary Gorizont and Express type of communication satellites. The satellite TV signal global Moscow could be received in any country in the world except Canada and the north-western U.S..
Modern Russia, satellite broadcasting services based on powerful geostationary buses such as Gals, Express, Yamal and Eutelsat to provide a lot of TV channels free-to-air access to millions of households. Pay-television is growing in popularity among Russian viewers. The NTV news Russian company, owned by Gazprom, broadcasts the NTV Plus package to 560,000 households, reaching more than 1.5 million viewers. –
UK and Ireland
Sky Digital "mini-antenna"
The first commercial DBS service in the United Kingdom, Sky Television, was launched in 1989 and used the newly launched ASTRA satellite, providing 4 analogue television channels. The rear channels and video system VideoCrypt encryption used the current standard PAL media. This gave the sky a clear advantage over the winner of deep brain stimulation of the UK state license, BSB.
In the following year, after many delays, BSB was launched, broadcasting five channels (now Galaxy, The Movie Channel, The Power Station and the sports channel) in D-MAC format and using the EuroCypher video encryption system that relies heavily on the overall system Videocipher instruments used in the U.S.. While the system was technologically more advanced BSB the PAL system and one of the main selling points of the supply of BSB was the square antenna, an antenna side of the flat plate and LNB. Sky system uses conventional plates and economic and LNB technology.
The competition between the two companies was fierce bidding war on the rights of the United Kingdom to the movies. Heaven keep costs to a minimum, operating from an industrial park in Isleworth in west London. BSB had expensive offices in London (Marco Polo House). The two services were merged to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), though the new BSkyB was truly heaven. The latest technology BSB D-MAC/EuroCypher system was gradually replaced with the Sky system VideoCrypt video encoding.
In 1994 17% of the group was floated on the London Stock Exchange (with ADRs listed on the New York Stock Exchange), and Rupert Murdoch News Corporation holds a 35%.
In 1999, following the launch of several satellites (at 19.2E for SES Astra, the number of channels has increased to about 60 and BSkyB launched the first platform of subscription TV in the UK, offering a range of 300 channels broadcast from satellites ASTRA a branded 28.2E Sky Digital. BSkyB's analogue service was suspended on December 31, 2001 and all customers have migrated to Sky Digital.
In May 2008, a service Satellite free-to-air BBC and ITV launched Freesat under the name of carrying a variety of channels, including some content in HD format.
The Nordic countries
The first satellite services specifically for the Nordic region was TV3 which launched in 1987. With the launch of Astra 1A, obtained TV3 channel is easier. The first satellite of the Nordic countries and specific, Tele-X, was launched in 1989. The services to countries Scandinavians were then scattered among several satellites. In 1993, the former BSB satellites were bought by a Swede and a Norwegian company, respectively. These two satellites changed the name of Thor and Sirius January 1, moved to new positions and started broadcasting services intended for persons in the Nordic region. With launching new Thor and Sirius satellites later in the decade of 1990, Astra and other satellites were abandoned by the services of the Nordic countries with almost all Nordic satellite television migration to Sirius and Thor satellites.
Initially the basic channels are free-air. This caused several rights problems and spectators from across Europe were able to see much acquired English language programming, as well as free sports channels in the country Nordic, but the only channels broadcasting rights held in certain countries. One way to avoid that was to change from PAL to D2-MAC standard, virtually is not used anywhere outside the Nordic region. An unencrypted channel could still be seen in all the Nordic satellite homes, so that eventually all channels were encrypted (several of them are only available in one country). No two competing satellite services: Canal Digital (Norwegian Telenor) and Viasat (Kinnevik). Canal Digital launched in 1997 and was digital from the beginning, the spread of Thor. Kinnevik had been operating an analogue subscription service since late 1980, but waited until 2000 before launching a digital service. All analogue services from Thor and Sirius will have ceased in 2006 when the remaining three Danish channels in digital-only. The competition between Viasat and Canal Digital has made some homes in Scandinavia have to buy two set-top boxes and have two subscriptions to get the full range of channels. Viasat not provide their own channels (TV3, ZTV TV3 + TV1000 Viasat channels and brand) in the Canal Digital platform. But Canal Digital has the exclusive distribution channel SBS Broadcasting, Discovery, TV2 Denmark and Eurosport, for several years, Sweden's SVT and TV4 channels were also unique Canal Digital.
Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East has a high penetration of homes receiving TV channels via DTH satellite. One of the pioneers satellite television free-to-air digital is considered to be MBC, which began broadcasting in C-band through Arabsat and is the first network in the world that offers a country free-air Western based English language movie channel to the Middle East through its publicly derived channel MBC 2. Its direct rival is considered to be Dubai, UAE United Arab based on a TV, formerly known as Channel 33, which was the first channel in the Middle East to provide English language general entertainment programming for the community expatriates.
Nourmina Channel is the first satellite channel owned by a Jordanian private sector, which issues the Nile Sat 12303H reluctantly, that covers all Arab countries, Africa and most of Europe – The first network of digital DTH pay-TV to provide entertainment Indian was Orbit TV Satellite and Radio Broadcasting Network via Eurobird 2 (Ku band), later Showtime Arabia a joint venture between Viacom (21% stake) and KIPCO (79% stake) started broadcasting, via PanAmSat (Band C), but later moved to Nilesat (Ku band). Arab Radio and Television Network (ART) now known as Arabic digital distribution, although a newcomer, has gained ground by broadcasting exclusive sports events. Most channels Most popular are the transmission of these satellites and orbital positions: Arabsat at 26E, 100.5E and 105.5E AsiaSat in Eutelsat Hot Bird 13E, Nilesat at 7W, and PanAmSat in 68.5E. + At present, there are two major providers of satellite TV subscription service available to Canadian consumers: Bell Direct TV Shaw.
In Israel, the satellite television services were introduced by the YES! company, using Israel's Amos (satellite).
See also
Satellite TV
Microwave antenna
Commercialization of space
FTA Receiver
Molniya orbit
References
^ Robertson, Lloyd (9/11/1972). "Anik A1 Released: closing the gap." CBC English TV. http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594. Retrieved on 01/25/2007.
^ BBC: Country Profile: Sudan. This page was last updated at 13:38 GMT, Wednesday, 18 June 2008 14:38 UK. Retrieved on July 13, 2008.
^ LyngSat Monitoring
^ Eggerton, John (06/10/2009). "NAB does not oppose some acquired rights of distant signals." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/356999-NAB_Won_t_Oppose_Some_Grandfathering_Of_Distant_Signals.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 10/09/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (05/11/2009). "It seems Leahy Agreement for 'short time' in the reauthorization of the satellite." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/382942-Leahy_Looks_for_Short_Time_Agreement_on_Satellite_Reauthorization.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 11/10/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (19/11/2009). "Senate passes bill reauthorization satellite." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/389824-Senate_Passes_Satellite_Reauthorization_Bill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 11/20/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (12/03/2009). "SHVRA convincingly pass the House." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/417629-SHVRA_Passes_Convincingly_in_House.php?rssid=20065&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 12/03/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (12/15/2009). "Extension of Satellite Bill says it's on the table at home." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/440498-Satellite_Bill_Extension_Said_To_Be_On_Table_In_House.php?rssid=20103&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 17/12/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (2/11/2010). "The version of Senate Bill Hill Hits satellite." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/448896-Senate_Version_of_Satellite_Bill_Hits_Hill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 02/25/2010.
^ "CTV.ca | Lawsuit targets gray market satellite dealers." CTV.ca. Updated Mon October 21, 2002 20:46 ET. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1035231116797_30640316//. Retrieved on 09/06/2008.
^ "News from TV Broadband | Central Europe Oriental | Home ". Broadbandtvnews.com. Http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/archive_cen/240306.html. Accessed on 09/06/2008.
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